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Oct 13, 2012  An antique Mills Novelty Company 5 cent slot machine. Made in 1910. Measures 18' height x 12 1/2' width + 13 3/4 depth (45.7cm x 31.7cm x 34.9cm). We BUY Mills Novelty Company coin-operated machines, slot machines, vendors and scales. If you have an antique Mills Novelty Company slot or coin-operated machine in good or bad shape, We buy antique slots, penny arcade machines, automatic music items as well as antique vending machines. MILLS NOVELTY CO. Chicago, Illinois IL 5¢ Slot - Vending Machine Trade Token - $7.50. You are bidding on a neat old MILLS NOVELTY / CO. / CHICAGO GOOD FOR 5¢ IN TRADE token attributed to Chicago, Illinois. Most of the Mills Novelty Co. Tokens are from San Francisco. Two different varieties are cataloged from Chicago on TokenCatalog.com. The token is made of brass and measures 21mm in.

Introduction to Why Slot Machines Say Bar

Why do slot machines say bar on their reels? Well, to understand why this tradition came to be, we’ll have to delve into slot machine history. First of all, these gambling devices weren’t always called slot machines. Slot machines were originally referred to as a one-armed bandit, then later in Great Britain as a fruit machine.

A slot machine gambling device is activated by pulling a handle or pushing a button. This can only be done after coins, tokens, cash, or casino credits has been entered. Consequently, reels with symbols begin to spin. When done spinning, the symbols shown lined up along pay lines are used to determine the payout, if any.

Reel symbols are often traditional, including stars, bars, numbers, and various pictured fruits. Fruits can include cherries, plums, oranges, lemons, and watermelons. The number seven is also very popular. And, finally, then there are bar reel symbols.

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Bar Reel Symbols

Fruit reel symbols were first used in slot machine by the Industry Novelty Company in 1909. This was quickly followed the next year by Mills Novelty Company of Chicago, recently inherited by Herbert Stephen Mills. But, with a slight addition.

Mills added the photograph of a chewing gum pack along with the fruit reel symbols. Soon after, these photographs of a chewing gum pack were replaced with a stylized bar symbol.

Slot machines have a very rich history. Within gaming device circles of the time, it was well known that Charles Augustus Fey of San Francisco refused to sell or lease the design of his first coin-operated slot machine, the Liberty Bell, which he invented around 1887.

So, how did Mills get the design from Fey? There are two theories. First, that Fey cooperated with Mills to spread the use of slot machines. After all, Fey is known as the “Father of Slots” both for his invention of the coin-operated device as well as popularizing its use.

The second theory is Mills somehow “obtained” a Liberty Bell as a result of a San Francisco saloon robbery in 1905. Less than a year later, Mills produced a new version of the Liberty Bell called either the Mills Liberty Bell or Operator Bell.

During my review of the history of early slot machines, there are also suggestions the bar symbol may have another origin story. It is generally accepted that the bar symbol is a stylized image of a chewing gum pack, as well as a company logo.

According to some historical sources, however, the company having that logo may have been the Bell-Gum Fruit company.

Mills Novelty Co Chicago

A Bit More History

As mentioned, slot machines have a very rich history, especially in their early days. Besides Why Do Slot Machines Say Bar, there are a few other interesting historical items of interest.

In 1916, another historic slot machine innovation created by the Mills Novelty Company was the jackpot. When a specific combination of reel symbols resulted from a bet, the slot machine would empty its coin hopper of all coins as a prize.

The Mills Novelty would later go on to produce slot machines with wooden cabinets, rather than the original cast iron construction materials.

Here are a few pictures of these early slot machines at Cyprus Casino Consultant, Casino Observer, and International Arcade Museum.

The Cyprus Casino Consultant website shows 4 slot machines on a waist-high counter top. They appear to have wood cabinets and are each perhaps 30 inches high by 18 inches wide. In metric, that’s about 76 centimeters by 46 centimeters.

Each slot machine is of the one-armed bandit variety, meaning they appear to are activated by first inserting a coin and then pulling a large lever on the right side of the machine. Each of these models appears to accept coins at the top, as well as dispense coins for winners at the bottom.

The Casino Observer website also shows 4 slot machines. Two of these machines are some of the first slot machines, from about 1890, while two others are more modern, ~1940s. The two older slot machines receive coins, but only the poker machine appears to not be able to dispense coins. This poker machine has typical card suits as reel symbols and a cast metal-type cabinet.

It appears to be missing its one-armed bandit lever, perhaps due to damage, or it never had a lever. One older slot machine with coin dispenser capability is clearly identified as a “Liberty Bell”. It rests on cast feet located on each corner. The reel symbols show three Liberty Bells, but its “pay table” shows card suits – not fruit or bars.

The International Arcade Museum website shows a single slot machine. It’s a very old slot machine showing the symbol of the Liberty Bell on its front next to three reels showing Liberty Bell, bar, and fruit reel symbols.

This is probably a “Liberty Bell” by Charles Fey, but must be a slightly later version due to it having obvious fruit and bar reel symbols. It also has a cast metal-type cabinet and the distinctive “feet” of a Liberty Bell. It also has a small tray for coins, suggesting it has automatic payouts.

Charles Fey manufactured about 100 Liberty Bell slot machines for distribution in and around San Francisco. However, there are few of them remaining in existence. The scarcity of Fey’s Liberty Bell is a direct result of a natural disaster occurring shortly after their manufacture: the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.

Summary of Why Slot Machines Say Bar

Starting in 1907, Bell Fruit Gum slot machines were manufactured by Industry Novelty Co. They were followed by the Mills Novelty Company in 1910.

The reels on these slot machines included cherry, melon, orange, apple, and bar symbols with non-cash payouts in the form of fruit-flavored gum, allowing machine owners to avoid prosecution under the anti-gambling laws of that time.

The cherry and bar symbols became traditional to slot machines, and are still commonly used today. The bar symbol was a company logo, originally a photo of a chewing gum pack before being stylized as a bar.

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By Jon H. Friedl, Jr. Ph.D., President
Jon Friedl, LLC

The Mills Novelty Company, Incorporated of Chicago was once a leading manufacturer of coin-operated machines, including slot machines, vending machines, and jukeboxes, in the United States. Between about 1905 and 1930, the company's products included the Mills Violano-Virtuoso and its predecessors, celebrated machines that automatically played a violin and, after about 1909, a piano. By 1944 the name of the company had changed to Mills Industries, Incorporated.^[1][2] The slot machine division was then owned by Bell-O-Matic Corporation. By the late 1930s, vending machines were being installed by Mills Automatic Merchandising Corporation of New York.

Family[edit]

The origins of the business lie with Mortimer Birdsul Mills, who was born in 1845 in Canada West (today's Ontario, Canada)^[3] but who later became a citizen of the United States, resident in Chicago, Illinois. Mortimer Mills would have 13 children.^[4] One son, Herbert Stephen Mills, was born in 1872 when his father was about 27.^[3] In 1892, Bert E. Mills, the youngest of Mortimer Mill's children was born.^[4] In about 1895, Fred L. Mills, the first of Herbert Mills' sons, was born.^[5][6] Ralph J. Mills, Herbert's second son, was born in July 1898.^[6] In about 1900, Herbert Mills, the third son of Herbert Stephen Mills was born. His younger brother, Hayden ('Bill') Mills, was born two years later in about 1902.^[6] The Mills brothers were raised in Oak Park, Illinois, and continued to live in that area until at least the mid-1930s.^[6] In 1929, Herbert Mills had died aged 57, leaving a fortune to his wife and eight children.^[7] The business was continued with Fred L. Mills, Herbert's first son, taking over as president^[8] while his three brothers, Ralph, Herbert, and Hayden held other top management positions.

History[edit]

Mortimer Mills was granted United States patent 450,336 on 14 April 1891 for an improvement in 'coin-actuated vending apparatus'. The improvement allowed the purchaser to select the product being sold and manipulate it so that it was carried to the point of delivery.^[9] Focusing on the devices covered by the patent, Mortimer Mills founded the M.B.M. Cigar Vending Company sometime between 1891,^[3] and 1895.^[4] Over half a century later, the company would promote itself as having been founded in 1889, two years before the date of the patent, and by H.S. Mills rather than his father.^[10]

In 1897, the company launched the Mills Owl, which was the first mechanical upright cabinet slot machine. The machine's design included a circle of owls perched on a lithographed tin wheel. The machine was a great success and the company would later adopt an owl motif as its trade mark.^[11]

In 1898 [1], Mortimer Mills sold a controlling interest in the company to his son, Herbert S. Mills,^[4][7] and the name of the company was changed from M.B.M. Cigar Vending Company to Mills Novelty Company, Incorporated.^[3] At that time, the company was located at 125-127 West Randolph Street, Chicago.

In 1904, Mills Novelty Company was an exhibitor at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Its pavilion was run by Ode D. Jennings, who would later establish a competitor to Mills.^[12]

In 1906, Bert Mills left school at the age of 14 to work for Mills. He would later establish a separate company, Bert E. Mills Corporation, and, in 1946, help to develop the first vending machines to sell hot coffee.^[4]

In 1907, Herbert S. Mills collaborated with Charles Fey, the inventor of the slot machine, to produce the Mills Liberty Bell.^[13]

In 1926, the company had moved to a plant of 375,000 square feet (34,800 m²), comprising a factory and administrative building, at 4100 Fullerton Avenue in the northwest of Chicago.^[10] Mills would distinguish itself by being one of only a few firms to manufacture both machines for gambling and vending machines.^[4]

In 1928, Mills entered the market for coin-operated radios and multi-selection phonographs.^[3] Between 1929 and 1948, the company manufactured and sold jukeboxes by the names of Hi-Boy, Troubadour, Dancemaster, Do-Re-Me, Swing King, Zephyr, Studio, Throne of Music, Empress, Panoram, and Constellation.^[14]

By May 1935, the company was run by the four sons of Herbert Stephen Mills: Fred L. Mills was President, Ralph J. Mills was Vice President in Charge of Sales, Herbert S. Mills, Jr. was Treasurer and manager of the plant, and Hayden Mills was Secretary. The family's wealth included a private yacht named Minoco, after the family firm.^[6]

In about 1935, Mills was engaged by Coca-Cola to produce a standing dry automatic cooled vendor for bottles. The result, the model 47, was the first of its kind for Cola-Cola.^[1] By the late 1930s, gum vending machines were being installed by Mills Automatic Merchandising Corporation of New York. The machines made use of technology protected by United States patents assigned to Mills Novelty Company, including number 1,869,616.^[15][16]

In 1940, the Mills company introduced Soundies, short 16mm musical films played in a coin-operated movie jukebox, its projection and sound mechanism made by RCA. Wartime restrictions curtailed manufacturing of the jukeboxes, but the Mills company continued to produce and distribute new films for them into 1947.

During World War II and by 26 April 1944 the name of the company had changed from Mills Novelty Company, Incorporated to Mills Industries, Incorporated. On 26 April 1944, a representative of the firm, D. W. Donahue, was appointed to a planning committee of the coin machine manufacturing industry. The committee was concerned with the transition of the coin machine factories from war production back to their former use.^[2]

In July 1944 it was reported that Fred L. Mills, the then President of Mills Industries, had died at the age of 49 of a stomach aliment in St. Charles, Illinois.^[5]

During World War II, Mills received authorised federal funding to use its industrial facilities to produce bomb carriers, directional antenna, hand control slip rings, and poppet valves.^[17]

On 1 April 1946, Bell-O-Matic Corporation was established as the exclusive distributor worldwide of all Bells and related products manufactured by Mills, and employed all of the former personnel of the Coin Machine Department of Mills. The stated rationale for the change was that the market for the products of the Coin Machine Department and the markets for the other products of Mills were quite distinct.^[10]

The last jukebox produced by the Mills Novelty Company was the Constellation (model number 951). By some mechanism, it appears that the front grille medallion from the jukebox ended up being incorporated in the 1948 Tucker Sedan, as a horn button.^[18]

By January 1948, the company was financially troubled and had petitioned the federal court for time to pay its debts. In December 1948, the company sold all of its phonography inventory to H. C. Evans of Chicago.^[18]

By the end of the 1940s, the Chairman of the Board of Mills was Ralph J. Mills and the President was Herbert S. Mills. Both men were Vice Presidents of Bell-O-Matic Corporation, whose officers included President V. C. Shay and Vice President in Charge of Advertising Grant F. Shay. Both companies were still located at building in Fullerton Avenue, Chicago.^[10] The Bell-O-Matic Corporation would later relocate to 135 Linden Street, Reno, Nevada.

In January 1951 it was reported that the industry manufacturing slot machines in the United States, then almost entirely based in Chicago, had suffered a major blow. A bill had been signed which banned slot machines from federal property and prohibited their shipment in commerce between states. At that time slot machines were allowed only in the states of Nevada, Montana and Maryland (where they were allowed in only four counties) but were operated illegally throughout the country.^[19]

In October 1954, F. L. Jacobs Company, a manufacturer of automobile parts based in Detroit, announced that it had acquired both Mills Industries, Inc. and Selmix Dispensers, Inc. of Long Island City, Queens (another manufacturer of equipment in the vending and dispensing industries). At that time the main products of Mills Industries were commercial ice cream freezers, frozen custard and milk shake machines and all types of vending machines. During 1953 and 1954, the company had added a coin-operated coffee vending machine, a three-flavor beverage bottle vendor, a citrus fruit juice vendor, and an ice cream package vendor to its product line. The intention of F. L. Jacobs Company was to operate Mills Industries as an independent subsidiary. However, component parts for the equipment were to be produced in the factories of F. L. Jacobs in Detroit, Traverse City, Michigan and Danville, Illinois.^[20] By September 1954, the controller of Mills Industries was James A. Pound.^[21] In November 1955, Mills Industries announced a project to consolidate, over a number of years, most of its operations in Traverse City, Michigan.^[22]

In November 1955, Mills Industries, Inc. announced a coin-operated vending machine, developed jointly with H. J. Heinz Company, that would dispense a tin can of hot food (one of a selection of six soups or dinners), a can opener, and a spoon. The cans were maintained a constant temperature of 150 °F (65 °C). The machine was intended for use in factories or large offices, and the company claimed that it was a first of a kind in the United States.^[23]

By the early 1960s, there were five major manufacturers of slot machines in the United States. The table below sets out their approximate comparative percentages of sales:^[24]

By the early 1960s, the Bell-O-Matic Corporation was being run by Tony Mills. He sold the company to American Machine and Science, Inc. (AMSC) owned by Wallace E. Carroll (later the chairman of Katy Industries), reportedly for USD500,000. AMSC had also acquired O. D. Jennings & Company and the two companies were merged to form TJM Corporation. AMSC would later merge with CRL Industries, Inc. (subsequently renamed CRL Inc.).^[25]

TJM Corporation was run by Tony Mills and his brother John Mills. The merged company failed to compete successfully with the electro/mechanical models produced by Bally and also suffered because it had not protected its intellectual property rights in Japan. The company ceased trading in the 1980s.^[26]

The name 'The Mills Novelty Company' still survives today, in the form of a business that installs digital player systems in the Mills Violano Virtuoso.^[27] The registered owner of United States trade marks 78625380 (the Mills Novelty Co. prize ribbon) and 78625372 (the Violano Virtuoso Self-Playing Violin and Piano laurel wreath, lyre, banner and ribbons) is Robert W. Brown of Wisconsin.^[28]

Mills Violano-Virtuoso[edit]

The main inventor of the Mills Violano-Virtuoso was Henry Konrad Sandell, a contemporary of Thomas Edison, who was born in about 1878. Henry Sandell arrived in the United States from Sweden at the age of about 10 in about 1888. He was granted his first United States patent on the mechanism at the age of 21, in about 1899 and put his proposals and patents before the Mills Novelty Company in about 1903.

On 27 March 1905 Henry Sandell filed an application for a United States patent for an electric self playing violin. The patent was granted, as number 807,871, on 19 December 1905 and assigned to Mills Novelty Company.^[29] This forerunner of the Violano-Virtuoso was known as the Automatic Virtuosa. It was marketed in 1905. At the time player pianos and mechanical coin-operated devices were extremely popular.^[30]

Subsequently, a piano mechanism was added to the violin mechanism, and the combination came to known as the Violano-Virtuoso.

The United States Patent and Trademark Office had a display of several significant inventions at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition in Seattle in 1909, including an early Violano-Virtuoso.^[30] The company used this event to promote the Violano-Virtuoso as 'Designated by the U.S. Government as one of the eight greatest inventions of the decade' on all subsequent machines.

The Violano-Virtuoso was not available to the public until 1911.^[30] Technology used in the instrument was patented on 4 June 1912, under United States patents 1,028,495^[31] and 1,028,496.^[32] Early Violan-Virtuoso's have a glass divider between the violin mechanism and the piano mechanism. Machines with two violins are known as the De Luxe Model Violano-Virtuoso or the Double Mills.

In 1914 an instrument was made especially for the Smithsonian Institution.

Production seems to have finished in 1930.^[30] Henry Sandell died in 1948, aged 70. By his death he had been granted over 300 patents, many for the technology used in the Violano-Virtuoso.

The exact number of machines produced is not known. Estimates are between 4,000 and 5,000.^[30] Today, some sources estimate that only about 750 of the single machines and fewer than 100 of the Double Mills still exist, while other sources estimate that several thousand machines survive. However, the Violano-Virtuoso have the highest survival rate of any type of player piano; they required little maintenance when they were first produced and that is still the case for those that survive.

A common player piano operates pneumatically. The Violano-Virtuoso was all electric and all the moving parts were set in motion by electric motors or electromagnets. A company catalogue states that they ran on 'any electric lighting current' and used 'no more than one 16-candle power light.' They were designed to operate on 110 voltsdirect current. In locations that had 110 volts alternating current (or other types of power supply) the instruments were used with a unique converter unit.

The violin had four strings, with an octave available on each string, and could reproduce 64 notes. All four strings could be played simultaneously. This allowed the possibility of four-part independent counterpoint. A vibrato could be produced.

The strings were played by small electric powered rollers, which were self-rosinating, and a chromatic set of metal 'fingers'. The violin had no finger board. A small metal 'finger', activated by an electromagnet, rose from under the string lifting it in a 'V' shaped slot thus stopping off the string. The strings were bowed by four small wheels made of discs of celluloid clamped together in a dish-shaped form. These applied just the right pressure to the strings and were driven by a variable-speed controlled motor. This and a mute allowed the volume of sound produced to be varied. The violin produced a full tone and was able to sound 1/2 note double stops at ragtime tempi. The staccato coil allowed the bows to leave the string a fraction of a second before the 'fingers'. The violin stayed in tune by a sophisticated array of tuning arms and weights. The vibrato was produced by using an electromagnet to shake the tail-piece of the violin.

The piano had 44 notes, half the number of keys found on a normal piano keyboard. It was played by regular hammers using a standard player piano action. The hammers were activated by electromagnets. The piano frame was made of iron, shaped like a shield, and symmetrically strung. The bass strings were at the centre of the frame and the treble strings radiated out to the edges from the centre. This arrangement distributed the string pressure more evenly across the frame and helped keep the piano in tune.^[30]

The Violano-Virtuoso was coin-operated and its mechanism was capable of holding up to 15 coins. Some models were made for domestic use and did not have the coin mechanism.

The instrument used rolls of perforated paper. Most of the rolls had five tunes on them, the popular tunes of the day. Individual tunes could not be selected. Over time, the Mills Novelty Company produced approximately 3,121 different rolls. Each arrangement of a song was identified by a unique number. Some songs appear on more than one rolls. Attempts have been made to produce a complete 'rollography' for the Violano-Virtuoso. A list has been produced that covers more than half of the different rolls that were ever produced. Rolls 1 to about 1000 and 1800 to 2500 are well documented. Information between rolls 1000 and 1800 is very sparse and it may be that these roll numbers were never used.

The Violano-Virtuoso was a heavy object. The first page of the Violano Virtuoso manual stated that to lift the instrument from the delivery wagon would need '3 good men'.

The Violano Virtuoso was designed for public places, and can be considered to be a beautiful work of craftsmanship. The wooden cabinet in which the mechanism was housed could be oak or mahogany.

In addition to the Violano-Virtuoso, the Mills Novelty Company developed a variety of other automatic musical instruments. These included the Viol-Cello, the Viol-Xylophone, and the Mills String Quartette.^[30]

Mills Slot Machine Values

References[edit]

Mills Novelty Nickel Slot Machine

1. ^ ^ab'Mills Soda Machines'. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
2. ^ ^abTerry Cumming. 'WW2 Pinball Stories - Industry People and Mfrs'. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
3. ^ ^abcdeGert Johansen Almind. 'Jukebox History 1914-1933'. Danish Jukebox Archives. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
4. ^ ^abcdefKerry Segrave (2002-10-01). Vending Machines. McFarland & Company. ISBN0-7864-1369-7.
5. ^ ^ab'Milestones'. TIME magazine. 1944-07-17. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
6. ^ ^abcde'Novelty Suit'. TIME magazine. 1935-05-13. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
7. ^ ^ab'Mills Novelty Co'. Amusement Resources International. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
8. ^F. Mills Name MI Plant Exec; Start 3 Shifts. The Billboard. 1951-07-02. pp. 77, 79. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
9. ^'US Patent 450,336'. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
10. ^ ^abcdSpinning Reels, Catalog Issue, The Story of Mills. Chicago: Bell-O-Matic Corporation. 1949. at The Pinball, Antique Slot Machine and Console Page
11. ^'Owl'. International Arcade Museum. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
12. ^Richard Bueschel (1992-06-15). Jennings Slot Machines 1906-1990: Illustrated Historical, Maintenance and Repair Guide to Jennings Mechanical and Electromechanical 3-Reel Bell Machines.
13. ^'History of Slot Machines'. Ken and Jackie Durham.
14. ^'Other Jukebox Manufacturers Serial #'s & Estimated Production'. Tom DeCillis. 2002-06-26. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
15. ^'Games Manufactured by Mills Automatic Merchandising Corp'. International Arcade Museum. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
16. ^'US Patent 1,869,616'. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
17. ^'World War II Industrial Facilities: Authorized Federal Funding - States G-L'. Heritage Research Center, Ltd. Archived from the original on 2006-08-18. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
18. ^ ^ab'Tucker (The Man and his Dream) and the Mills Jukebox'. Tom DeCillis. 2006-05-15. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
19. ^'Goodbye, Bandits'. TIME magazine. 1951-01-15. Retrieved 2006-09-05.
20. ^'F. L. Jacobs Co. Shows Profit'. Traverse City Record-Eagle. 1954-10-30.
21. ^'Title not known'. Traverse City Record-Eagle. 1955-09-24.
22. ^'Mills Launches Consolidation Project Here'. Traverse City Record-Eagle. 1955-11-19.
23. ^'Machine By Local Firm'. Traverse City Record-Eagle. 1955-11-25.
24. ^United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (1962). Gambling Devices. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 124.
25. ^'CRL Inc. - Company Profile, Information & Research'. Thomson Gale. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
26. ^Feddy Bailey, quoted at 'Mécanique électrifiée ??'. Flippers-jukeboxes.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-08-30.
27. ^'The Mills Novelty Company'. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
28. ^'United States Patent and Trademark Office'. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
29. ^'US Patent 807,871'. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
30. ^ ^abcdefg'2003/8/10D Music roll in box, Violano Virtuoso, 'No. 2929 - Favorite College Football Marches''. Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
31. ^'US Patent 1,028,495'. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
32. ^'US Patent 1,028,496'. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-09-11.

• Bowers, Q. David. The Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical Instruments. ISBN0-911572-08-2 Vestal, New York: The Vestal Press, 1972.
• Kitner, Michael L. and Reblitz, Arthur A. The Mills Violano-Virtuoso...the famous self-playing violin and piano...how it works, how to service and rebuild it, together with a fascinating collection of previously unpublished pictures concerning its history, its inventor, and its manufacturer.ISBN0-911572-33-3 Vestal, New York: The Vestal Press, 1984.
• Reblitz, Arthur A. The Golden Age of Automatic Musical Instruments. ISBN0-9705951-0-7 Woodsville, New Hampshire: Mechanical Music Press, 2001.

External links[edit]

• Mills Novelty Company web site Home of the Violano
• Jukebox-World Forum, Serial Numbers, classified ads and more
• Antique Amusements My collection of antique slot machines.
• Arcade-History A full list of coin-operated machines manufactured by Mills Novelty.
• [2] Graphical Timeline of Mills Novelty Co. productions (from 1897 to 1968)

Mills M Head Slot Machine